• ℹ️ Heads up...

    This is a popular topic that is fast moving Guest - before posting, please ensure that you check out the first post in the topic for a quick reminder of guidelines, and importantly a summary of the known facts and information so far. Thanks.

Absolute efficiency: efficiency in theme parks

neil_wilson

TS Member
I’ve created this topic to discuss operational efficiency in theme parks.

I might appear to be a new forum member, and you’re more than welcome to give me a welcome gift (if that’s your thing), but I’ve actually been a reasonably regular poster since the forum was founded. But I’ve always used a forum ‘alias’ because I work in the industry, and I didn’t want people to think I was a spokesman for a park. I’ve worked at a number of parks including Alton Towers, Chessington World of Adventures, Twinlakes, Dreamland, Europa Park and Epcot. But I've always been careful not to discuss parks I'm currently working at, or to reveal information not already in the public domain.

I recently published a book about operational efficiency in the theme park industry, and the moderators have kindly given me permission to create this topic to discuss it. It's called 'Absolute Efficiency: book one - a guide to operational efficiency in the theme park industry'.

https://www.waterstones.com/book/absolute-efficiency/bob-mclain/neil-wilson/9781683903109

https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/...lain/neil-wilson/paperback/9781683903109.html

https://www.amazon.co.uk/Absolute-E...+efficiency+neil+wilson&qid=1635940756&sr=8-3

It’s available from all good bookshops. If you go to a bookshop and they haven’t got my book, it’s basically a bit ****.

Anyway, the deal is that as well as subtly trying to flog my book, I’ll also start a conversation. We’ve had quite a few discussions over the years about different aspects of managing queues: ride access passes, single rider queues and the role of flat rides come to mind.

To get the conversation going, I thought I’d talk about a few of things I learned while researching my book (and the other ones in the series). I’ll start with Alton Towers, as this is an Alton Towers’ fan site.

We know from a few sources that Alton Tower’s capacity is about 28,000. Most parks set their own capacities. Hong Kong seems to be a bit of an exception to that, because in Hong Kong capacities are set by a government department (the Food and Environmental Hygiene department), so there’s a lot more information about how Hong Kong Disneyland’s capacity has grown over the years, than there is for most parks. Hong Kong Disneyland is co-owned by the Hong Kong government and the Walt Disney Company. When it opened, we know that Hong Kong Disneyland’s capacity was 28,000, so very similar to Alton Tower’s. The Walt Disney Company wanted a slightly higher capacity to maximise revenue, and the politicians wanted a slightly lower capacity to give a better experience. But 28,000 is what they ended up with.

It's interesting to compare Hong Kong Disneyland in its opening year to Alton Towers. In its opening year Hong Kong Disneyland only had 10 rides including 1 roller coaster (Space Mountain), so it is remarkable that they could hold as many people as Alton Towers, and it’s interesting to look at how they did it.

Like other ‘Magic Kingdom’ style parks, it uses a ‘hub and spoke’ layout where guests are directed down Main Street to the centre of the park. From here each area is roughly equal distance away. This helps to quickly disperse guests around the park, rather than having the areas nearest the entrance busiest in the mornings and the areas at the back of the park busiest in the afternoons. Hong Kong Disneyland had a free Fast Pass virtual queue rather than a paid for Fast Track like Alton Towers. Hong Kong Disneyland had a lot more shops than Alton Towers, and guests were encouraged to go shopping while they were waiting for their ride reservations. There were also a couple of live shows and various meet and greets. Hong Kong Disneyland was open for longer hours than Alton Towers typically is. They used an opening ceremony to bring some guests in for the start of the day, and fireworks to make sure that plenty of people stayed until closing time. There’s a point in the middle of the day when most of the morning people are still there, and most of the evening people have also arrived. At this point, a parade helped to relieve the pressure on the rides. Rides are also optimised for efficiency, for example with single rider queues and batchers to fill empty seats. There’s a ‘greeter’ at the entrance to queues who height checks children. This helps to prevent children wasting time in queues for rides they’re too short for, but it also minimises delays on the platform.

Of course, Hong Kong Disneyland did get heavily criticised for not having enough rides, and for feeling like a Disney park built on the cheap. According to former CEO Michael Eisner in the Imagineering Story on Disney Plus, they actually increased the budget for Hong Kong Disneyland after the backlash against California Adventure, but most fans still weren’t happy with it. After opening they quickly ‘fast tracked’ copies of Autopia and It’s a Small World into the park to build it up. Hong Kong Disneyland has grown its capacity quite a lot since it opened with Toy Story Land, Grizzly Gulch, Mystic Point and the Iron Man simulator. If you compare Hong Kong Disneyland to Parc Disneyland Paris, it’s a bit like the hare and the tortoise. Parc Disneyland Paris is still quite a bit bigger in terms of acreage, but once Hong Kong Disneyland opens their Frozen area, they’ll be roughly the same size in terms of the number of attractions.

Disney parks do generally have very high capacities relative to their ride counts. During Covid some parks revealed capacities who would normally keep them a secret. We now know that Shanghai Disneyland has roughly the same capacity as Europa Park (about 60,000). Cedar Point is slightly lower at 54,000. Parc Parc Astérix is 30,000, so similar to Alton Towers. These are regular capacities rather than capacities reduced for social distancing.

Disney parks do have big capacities, but that doesn’t explain their extraordinary attendance figures. In my book I draw some comparisons between Holiday World (Indiana) and Magic Kingdom (Disneyland World). If you filled Holiday World up to its capacity 45 times you’d get its annual attendance (that’s using slightly dated figures and it’d be different at the moment due to Covid). You’d have to fill Magic Kingdom up to capacity about 228 times to get its annual attendance.

Disney are successful partly because their parks have big capacities, but also because they have much smaller peaks and troughs. Although attendance figures are often disputed, Magic Kingdom has roughly triple the capacity of Alton Towers, but roughly ten times as many visitors each year. Alton Towers has been trying to level off their peaks and troughs. They’ve built up a successful Halloween event which has moved visits from the summer to October, and now more recently they’ve added an Oktoberfest to try and persuade more people to visit in the quiet spot between the summer and Halloween. They’ve also had a Mardi Gras event. Universal Orlando added their Mardi Gras event in the 90s, to try and make the park busier in the quiet period before Easter.

Disney have been very good at levelling off peaks and troughs in attendance. For example, they normally open new rides at quiet times of year. Often after the summer vacation finishes. Although I think Disneyland Paris have recently advertised their Marvel area for summer 2022, so maybe that isn’t always true. Disney doesn’t go in for discounting, because they want to maintain good ‘price integrity’. But if you visit Disney World at a quiet time of year and stay in their hotels, you might get a free ‘dining plan’, which gets you free meals. Epcot in particular has quite a few events to help drive attendance to traditional quieter periods, such as the Food and Wine Festival, or the Flower and Garden festival.

Europa Park is a park that this forum has a particular interest in, partly because they’re very good at managing their queues. Europa Park has much smaller peaks and troughs compared to a lot of British parks. As well as doing a lot for Halloween, they also have a very big Christmas event, and now the season runs straight right through to January. ‘Hallowinter’ bridges the gap.

Europa Park gets a lot more older guests without kids compared to most British parks. This is significant, because these people will come during term time when the kids are at school. There are lots of reasons why older guests go to Europa Park: good quality food, live shows, and the general atmosphere around the park. The British parks also tend to have bigger peaks and troughs depending on the weather. It helps that Europa Park has five hotels, and hotel guests tend to book their visits further in advance before they know the weather forecast. Europa Park also has a lot of undercover attractions including shows and dark rides. Most of the rides at Europa Park have undercover queues and stations, even if the rides themselves are outdoors. Some of the smaller British parks have quite a few undercover attractions, but the bigger parks are much more weather dependent. It also helps that Europa Park gets a fairly international mix of guests, particularly from Germany, France and Switzerland. Often they have different holiday patterns, also helping to spread out attendance.

Of course, Alton Towers have tried to spread out their guests. Aside from adding more events, Alton Towers does work hard to bring in school groups on the otherwise quiet term time days. They do much bigger discounts for school groups than Europa Parks, and they have an education officer who does workshops for school groups. This is something that few parks outside the UK have.

Although Europa Park’s layout is more chaotic than Disney’s hub and spoke layout, they also try to spread guests evenly around the park. For example, Voletarium is near the entrance, which means it’s likely to get a big spike in demand at the beginning and end of the day when people enter and exit the park. That’s why they have a free virtual queuing system, to encourage guests entering the park to come back later in the day.

Europa Park’s rides are really optimised for throughputs. For example, very few rides have seatbelts as well as a bar. On a lot of rides you take bags on with you, which speeds things up. In Arthur’s case they’ve got free lockers in the queue. There are other subtler things most people wouldn’t notice.

Feel free to take this thread in any direction you want, and if anyone has any questions about my book let me know. It’s something I’m really passionate about. The first book in the series uses almost 400 sources, so it’s something I’ve done quite a lot of research into. At the same time, I’m interested to hear about other people’s experiences with queuing, either as a guest or from working in the industry. I’ve learned a lot over the years from things people have posted on Towers Street.
 
Last edited:
Thanks for the book recommendation; it sounds thoroughly interesting, and another I’d like to add to my theme park reading list of books to buy!

I’ll admit I’m struggling to find much else to say at present as I think you’ve covered the topic very well in your opening post (certainly bodes well for the book, in my opinion!), but I’ll be interested to see if anyone else chimes in, as I’ll admit that this kind of thing is getting to quite interest me!

Welcome to TowersStreet, by the way!
 
I’ve created this topic to discuss operational efficiency in theme parks.

I might appear to be a new forum member, and you’re more than welcome to give me a welcome gift (if that’s your thing), but I’ve actually been a reasonably regular poster since the forum was founded. But I’ve always used a forum ‘alias’ because I work in the industry, and I didn’t want people to think I was a spokesman for a park. I’ve worked at a number of parks including Alton Towers, Chessington World of Adventures, Twinlakes, Dreamland, Europa Park and Epcot. But I've always been careful not to discuss parks I'm currently working at, or to reveal information not already in the public domain.

I recently published a book about operational efficiency in the theme park industry, and the moderators have kindly given me permission to create this topic to discuss it. It's called 'Absolute Efficiency: book one - a guide to operational efficiency in the theme park industry'.

https://www.waterstones.com/book/absolute-efficiency/bob-mclain/neil-wilson/9781683903109

https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/...lain/neil-wilson/paperback/9781683903109.html

https://www.amazon.co.uk/Absolute-E...+efficiency+neil+wilson&qid=1635940756&sr=8-3

It’s available from all good bookshops. If you go to a bookshop and they haven’t got my book, it’s basically a bit ****.

Anyway, the deal is that as well as subtly trying to flog my book, I’ll also start a conversation. We’ve had quite a few discussions over the years about different aspects of managing queues: ride access passes, single rider queues and the role of flat rides come to mind.

To get the conversation going, I thought I’d talk about a few of things I learned while researching my book (and the other ones in the series). I’ll start with Alton Towers, as this is an Alton Towers’ fan site.

We know from a few sources that Alton Tower’s capacity is about 28,000. Most parks set their own capacities. Hong Kong seems to be a bit of an exception to that, because in Hong Kong capacities are set by a government department (the Food and Environmental Hygiene department), so there’s a lot more information about how Hong Kong Disneyland’s capacity has grown over the years, than there is for most parks. Hong Kong Disneyland is co-owned by the Hong Kong government and the Walt Disney Company. When it opened, we know that Hong Kong Disneyland’s capacity was 28,000, so very similar to Alton Tower’s. The Walt Disney Company wanted a slightly higher capacity to maximise revenue, and the politicians wanted a slightly lower capacity to give a better experience. But 28,000 is what they ended up with.

It's interesting to compare Hong Kong Disneyland in its opening year to Alton Towers. In its opening year Hong Kong Disneyland only had 10 rides including 1 roller coaster (Space Mountain), so it is remarkable that they could hold as many people as Alton Towers, and it’s interesting to look at how they did it.

Like other ‘Magic Kingdom’ style parks, it uses a ‘hub and spoke’ layout where guests are directed down Main Street to the centre of the park. From here each area is roughly equal distance away. This helps to quickly disperse guests around the park, rather than having the areas nearest the entrance busiest in the mornings and the areas at the back of the park busiest in the afternoons. Hong Kong Disneyland had a free Fast Pass virtual queue rather than a paid for Fast Track like Alton Towers. Hong Kong Disneyland had a lot more shops than Alton Towers, and guests were encouraged to go shopping while they were waiting for their ride reservations. There were also a couple of live shows and various meet and greets. Hong Kong Disneyland was open for longer hours than Alton Towers typically is. They used an opening ceremony to bring some guests in for the start of the day, and fireworks to make sure that plenty of people stayed until closing time. There’s a point in the middle of the day when most of the morning people are still there, and most of the evening people have also arrived. At this point, a parade helped to relieve the pressure on the rides. Rides are also optimised for efficiency, for example with single rider queues and batchers to fill empty seats. There’s a ‘greeter’ at the entrance to queues who height checks children. This helps to prevent children wasting time in queues for rides they’re too short for, but it also minimises delays on the platform.

Of course, Hong Kong Disneyland did get heavily criticised for not having enough rides, and for feeling like a Disney park built on the cheap. According to former CEO Michael Eisner in the Imagineering Story on Disney Plus, they actually increased the budget for Hong Kong Disneyland after the backlash against California Adventure, but most fans still weren’t happy with it. After opening they quickly ‘fast tracked’ copies of Autopia and It’s a Small World into the park to build it up. Hong Kong Disneyland has grown its capacity quite a lot since it opened with Toy Story Land, Grizzly Gulch, Mystic Point and the Iron Man simulator. If you compare Hong Kong Disneyland to Parc Disneyland Paris, it’s a bit like the hare and the tortoise. Parc Disneyland Paris is still quite a bit bigger in terms of acreage, but once Hong Kong Disneyland opens their Frozen area, they’ll be roughly the same size in terms of the number of attractions.

Disney parks do generally have very high capacities relative to their ride counts. During Covid some parks revealed capacities who would normally keep them a secret. We now know that Shanghai Disneyland has roughly the same capacity as Europa Park (about 60,000). Cedar Point is slightly lower at 54,000. Parc Parc Astérix is 30,000, so similar to Alton Towers. These are regular capacities rather than capacities reduced for social distancing.

Disney parks do have big capacities, but that doesn’t explain their extraordinary attendance figures. In my book I draw some comparisons between Holiday World (Indiana) and Magic Kingdom (Disneyland World). If you filled Holiday World up to its capacity 45 times you’d get its annual attendance (that’s using slightly dated figures and it’d be different at the moment due to Covid). You’d have to fill Magic Kingdom up to capacity about 228 times to get its annual attendance.

Disney are successful partly because their parks have big capacities, but also because they have much smaller peaks and troughs. Although attendance figures are often disputed, Magic Kingdom has roughly triple the capacity of Alton Towers, but roughly ten times as many visitors each year. Alton Towers has been trying to level off their peaks and troughs. They’ve built up a successful Halloween event which has moved visits from the summer to October, and now more recently they’ve added an Oktoberfest to try and persuade more people to visit in the quiet spot between the summer and Halloween. They’ve also had a Mardi Gras event. Universal Orlando added their Mardi Gras event in the 90s, to try and make the park busier in the quiet period before Easter.

Disney have been very good at levelling off peaks and troughs in attendance. For example, they normally open new rides at quiet times of year. Often after the summer vacation finishes. Although I think Disneyland Paris have recently advertised their Marvel area for summer 2022, so maybe that isn’t always true. Disney doesn’t go in for discounting, because they want to maintain good ‘price integrity’. But if you visit Disney World at a quiet time of year and stay in their hotels, you might get a free ‘dining plan’, which gets you free meals. Epcot in particular has quite a few events to help drive attendance to traditional quieter periods, such as the Food and Wine Festival, or the Flower and Garden festival.

Europa Park is a park that this forum has a particular interest in, partly because they’re very good at managing their queues. Europa Park has much smaller peaks and troughs compared to a lot of British parks. As well as doing a lot for Halloween, they also have a very big Christmas event, and now the season runs straight right through to January. ‘Hallowinter’ bridges the gap.

Europa Park gets a lot more older guests without kids compared to most British parks. This is significant, because these people will come during term time when the kids are at school. There are lots of reasons why older guests go to Europa Park: good quality food, live shows, and the general atmosphere around the park. The British parks also tend to have bigger peaks and troughs depending on the weather. It helps that Europa Park has five hotels, and hotel guests tend to book their visits further in advance before they know the weather forecast. Europa Park also has a lot of undercover attractions including shows and dark rides. Most of the rides at Europa Park have undercover queues and stations, even if the rides themselves are outdoors. Some of the smaller British parks have quite a few undercover attractions, but the bigger parks are much more weather dependent. It also helps that Europa Park gets a fairly international mix of guests, particularly from Germany, France and Switzerland. Often they have different holiday patterns, also helping to spread out attendance.

Of course, Alton Towers have tried to spread out their guests. Aside from adding more events, Alton Towers does work hard to bring in school groups on the otherwise quiet term time days. They do much bigger discounts for school groups than Europa Parks, and they have an education officer who does workshops for school groups. This is something that few parks outside the UK have.

Although Europa Park’s layout is more chaotic than Disney’s hub and spoke layout, they also try to spread guests evenly around the park. For example, Voletarium is near the entrance, which means it’s likely to get a big spike in demand at the beginning and end of the day when people enter and exit the park. That’s why they have a free virtual queuing system, to encourage guests entering the park to come back later in the day.

Europa Park’s rides are really optimised for throughputs. For example, very few rides have seatbelts as well as a bar. On a lot of rides you take bags on with you, which speeds things up. In Arthur’s case they’ve got free lockers in the queue. There are other subtler things most people wouldn’t notice.

Feel free to take this thread in any direction you want, and if anyone has any questions about my book let me know. It’s something I’m really passionate about. The first book in the series uses almost 400 sources, so it’s something I’ve done quite a lot of research into. At the same time, I’m interested to hear about other people’s experiences with queuing, either as a guest or from working in the industry. I’ve learned a lot over the years from things people have posted on Towers Street.
I think that might take the record for longest post on TS! :p:)
 
Well that took some reading!
Of course, Alton Towers have tried to spread out their guests. Aside from adding more events, Alton Towers does work hard to bring in school groups on the otherwise quiet term time days. They do much bigger discounts for school groups than Europa Parks, and they have an education officer who does workshops for school groups. This is something that few parks outside the UK have.
As much as the school groups can be a nightmare sometimes I do think it's a really nice touch, especially when they have talks in the education centre. Something my school never did which was a shame.
 
I think schools workshops are normally a loss leader, but I agree that they make sense for the larger parks. I spent some time researching schools workshops when I set them up for a UK park. I was surprised that they were so unusual outside the UK. Some parks have free online resources for schools, such as worksheets on the website, or educational videos on Youtube. But this isn’t the same as offering a workshop at the park:

http://www.tvastem.com/Dollywood/

It looks like they’ve changed their materials a bit since I last looked at them. It was funny that when I looked at the resources for UK parks they looked fairly basic, whereas the resources for American parks looked a lot more advanced. I don’t know if they actually were a lot more advanced, or whether it’s just that the US has a different curriculum.

A lot of the big US parks are only open about 120-140 days a year. In the UK schools workshops are more about driving visitors to the days when places like Cedar Point are closed. What the big US parks tend to do are a few big schools days. Rather than allowing individual school classes to book workshops, they’ll have 4 or 5 school days a year when the park’s only open for school groups. Each school day will cover a particular subject area, and they’ll get one of the senior management team to do a talk in the park’s main theatre for hundreds or school kids at the same time. For example, the chief engineer might do a talk on forces in the main stunt arena. It will probably end with a question and answers session.

I put a post in a Facebook group for theme park managers around the world, asking what had worked at other parks. The one who came back to me was Quassy Park, where school groups can book a science show.

https://www.quassy.com/group-rates-catered-outings/school-trips

The manager who created it got in touch with me, and it seemed to be a real work of passion.

I was quite pleased with the workshops I came up with. I had a Mega Structures workshop where they built a wooden ‘roller coaster structure’ out of paper cups that could take a person’s weight. I showed that if someone stands on a paper cup it crushes flat. But if you build a lattice structure out of paper cups, the weight gets distributed through the structure. An adult can even jump up and down on the paper cups without them crushing. They also made structures out of spaghetti and marshmallows (which managed to make a real mess of the carpet in one place I did it!).

I also did a Thrill Laboratory. We made a marble run roller coaster using ‘edge guard’ and discussed the forces. I also talked about how rides use senses. I gave them some popcorn and I used a smell pot with some themed oils. We also created a soundscape. There was also a workshop I created around statistics and probability.

Alton Towers has an interesting looking range of workshops:

https://www.altontowers.com/schools/school-trips/educational/

Of all the parks I looked at, Paultons Park has put the most effort into them (at least on paper. I haven’t experienced them for myself).

https://paultonspark.co.uk/tickets/school-trips/

Of course, schools workshops aren’t just about attracting more visitors on those off peak days. They’re good PR and they can introduce a new audience to theme parks. I’ve met a few enthusiasts who’ve said that their first visit to a theme park was on a school trip.

Well that took some reading!

As much as the school groups can be a nightmare sometimes I do think it's a really nice touch, especially when they have talks in the education centre. Something my school never did which was a shame.

BTW, when I was at school we went to Alton Towers for the fireworks, but I didn't ever get to do a workshop at a theme park. When I was worked at Chessington World of Adventures I got to 'sample' a workshop where they made animal enrichment toys for the gorillas. The lady running it assured me that they actually would get used. I remember filling up a little carboard box up with some straw and food. I thought that was a really good idea for an activity. This was about 10 years ago, though, so I don't know whether they still do it.

Edit: it might have been hay, not straw.
 
Last edited by a moderator:
262789374_515851619403248_1611481102213636940_n.jpg


Perfect.
 
This is one of those moments where I log in using my real name to write something that’s informative, whilst smuggling past you a shameless self promotion (I normally post using an alias, like the Banksy of theme park discussions).

Anyway, I’ve just been on The Guest Experience Show talking about queue management and efficiency in theme parks.

I’ve posted on here before about levelling off the peaks and troughs in attendance, and spreading guests out more evenly around the park. In my podcast I briefly talk about some the subtler things that affect throughputs, via a comparison between Europa Park and some of the British parks. I do think that it is often down to management and design whether operations are quick or slow. Whilst there are lots of awesome staff at Europa Park (I was lucky enough to work with some of them), it seems a bit unlikely that the people who live near Europa Park or Disney happen to be very efficient, and the people who live near Chessington or Flamingo Land happen to be very slow.

Working in theme parks you often see seemingly innocuous things that can make a difference to a throughput. For example, if a roller coaster requires guests to place baggage in a hold on the offload platform, people getting off the ride can block the hold from people getting onto the ride, slowing things down. In these situations, you ideally want to empty the offload platform as quickly as possible. There are a couple of ways you can do this.

Firstly, people go down ramps faster than stairs. There are various reasons parks might use stairs at the exit. It’s cheaper than a ramp. It takes up less space than a ramp. If guests have to be able to walk to go on a ride, it can show the staff if guests are ambulant enough to cope with an evacuation. But steps at an exit can congest the exit more.

Where you place the exit can also make a difference. For example, if it’s at the front of the train, guests at the back of the train have to walk down the whole platform to get out. If the exit is in the middle of the train, no one has to walk down more than half the platform.

These things might not matter, but the bigger a train is, and the longer a train is, the more likely they are to. Vampire is a perfect example of this. At least it was, I haven’t been to Chessington for several years, so I apologise if this has changed. Vampire has a particularly long train, and certainly when I worked on it there was one exit at the front of the train. Guests at the back took quite a while to shuffle down the whole length of the platform, blocking other guests from putting their bags in the ‘coffins’. When it was new there was an exit at each end of the platform and in the middle, which cleared the guests coming off the ride faster. Two of these were blocked off, to reduce the chance of guests stepping onto the platform when trains were moving. I think you could probably write a book just about Vampire’s throughputs, as in many ways it shows what can go wrong with designing and operating a roller coaster.

Next time you’re at Europa Park you’ll notice that the exits tend to be in the centre of the platform. Another thing you’ll notice is that on a lot of the rides there’s a gate near the front of the queue. If a ride host needs to call for a group of guests to fill empty seats, they can open the gate and let them straight through, rather than them having to push past lots of people. E.g. if there are several large groups near the front and a host wants to bring a ‘two’ forward to fill some empty seats, rather than the ‘two’ having to push past the large groups, the host can open the gate near the front of the queue and let them straight through.

Some of this is in the podcast, some of this isn’t. I thought I’d expand on some of the points that I thought would be of most interest to a Towers Street audience. The podcast’s aimed at theme park managers, so some it will be more relevant to enthusiasts than other parts.

Anyway, if anyone has any questions, or stories of subtle things they’ve seen that affect throughputs, feel free to share them here. I know people are busy and don’t necessarily have time to read a book, but if you’re cooking or driving, feel free to whack this episode on.



https://www.roller.software/the-guest-experience-show/?wchannelid=2l49v3p0cj&wmediaid=f2yqphe7ah
 
Top