What would you accept as a citation?
Generally the understanding is that a document (or in this case a video) can be proved to be well founded if there are links to where that person did their research. However citations also vary in quality (sometimes even reputable news sources, even scientific journals get things wrong). This only makes citations harder.
So what to look out for?
Data! Numbers are the best at proving things by far. They are easy to compare and judge. For example:
"The Trussell Trust’s food bank network provided 823,145 emergency food parcels to people in crisis between April and September 2019, a 23% increase on the same period in 2018."
However, before we draw any conclusion there are things to check still
1) is the data public, or from a reputable source. In this case it's a charity whose accounts will be made public and is generally trusted as the best in the area.
2) is it a trend? In this case, one single year is compared. It could be argued that this is within standard deviation, or just not significant enough to really matter.
3) The number doesn't prove the cause, in fact these things are usually simplified. Back up with more data. How many more people are there, if there are 23% more people YoY (year on year) then perhaps that's why. What is the average household income, is poverty rising.
4) Fact check your source. Can the same data be found elsewhere saying the same thing. Perhaps trussel trust is just becoming more popular, with other smaller local food banks actually giving out less now.
Is there some evidence that this data might be pulled from thin air all together. Fact checking services might have double checked this (
https://fullfact.org/economy/how-many-people-use-food-banks/) they are very useful for doing the leg work for you, and generally are good at citing their sources.
5) watch out for creative statistics. An example here might be "A majority of people want Brexit done" however there is little evidence to support this. Even in the referendum only a majority of
voters wanted brexit, if including non-voters with remain (as they might be). Whereas in the election the most votes were cast against the conservatives, rather than for them. However they still have a majority. There are many examples of creative statistics and they are very hard to spot.
6) Sample size is everything. 9 out of 10 people support remain. Oh I just asked some friends at lunch, all but one wanted to remain. Small samples, and samples which do not cover a wide enough variety of demographics aren't good statistics.
So for example, I could say, Investment in the European Defence Fund has not significantly increased over the last ten years. (€225 billion in 2007 compared to €223.4 billion in 2018, equal to 1.4 percent of GDP and 3.1 percent of total government expenditure.) Therefore the EU are not working to build a stronger army, only maintaining the ones the member states have.
Some things are unfortunately unquantifiable, and therefore much harder to prove. Things like a shift in ideology, the lawmaking process, the internal structure and workings of the EU are all examples over the last page.
In this case the best things to look out for are
Reputable news sources. Is this being reported on by anyone, and if so is that being fact checked.
Scientific Journals are fantastic citations more often than not. To pass peer review and be published in a journal is a mark that there is something useful in the paper. It's important which journal too. Try Google scholar. The bonus is that to be published the researcher will absolutely be required to cite their sources. Steal those! If someone else makes a good point, don't just repeat it, pass on the evidence that they backed up their point with.
Quotes, of law, draft law, policies, political statements and leaders can all be cited when there isn't another credible source. One thing to remember though is that while someone might be in the EU they might not represent it. For example, Nigel Farage might be an MEP but if I was to quote him talking about Brexit, it does not mean the EU want brexit. Same with a French minister talking about a European Army, his opinion alone does not mean that the whole EU is aiming to create a European Army.
This leaves us with bottom grade sources. Places where people can post whatever the want without review. Websites, Wikipedia, blogs, YouTube ect. These things can still be good sources, however they have to back up their claims with other evidence or at least research. Look at who the creator is, and what else they've made. look at why they might be posting this (propaganda or conspiracy are not worth citing at all).
Whenever you assert a fact that isn't widely known it's important to look for some source of your reasoning. After that look at their sources.
Finally, it is hugely important to differentiate fact and opinion. Everyone has an opinion, and generally they aren't worth much. Sometimes they can be disguised as facts, so it's important to double check where possible.
https://usingsources.fas.harvard.edu/
https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/using-sources
https://www.utep.edu/extendeduniver...rentiate-a-good-source-from-a-bad-source.html
https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/credibility.cfm
https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/writing/evaluate
https://www.datapine.com/blog/misleading-statistics-and-data/
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GtSV7rG6Iu4C&redir_esc=y
https://fullfact.org/